Its counterpart in insects is ecdysone These ubiquitous steroids suggest that sex hormones have an ancient evolutionary history. Fish make a slightly different form called 11-ketotestosterone. Testosterone is observed in most vertebrates. Cross-sectional epidemiological studies have reported a direct correlation between plasma testosterone and insulin sensitivity, and low testosterone levels are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, dramatically illustrated by androgen deprivation in men with prostate carcinoma. The main components of the syndrome are visceral obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, raised blood pressure and dyslipidemia (elevated triglycerides, low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol), and a pro-inflammatory and thrombogenic state. The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors predisposing to type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Testosterone plays a significant role in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. On average, an adult human male body produces about ten times more testosterone than an adult human female body, but females are more sensitive to the hormone. In addition, testosterone is essential for health and well-being as well as the prevention of osteoporosis. In the absence of testosterone stimulation, spermatogenesis does not proceed beyond the meiosis stage. In men, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as the testis and prostate as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle, bone mass, and the growth of body hair. It is the principal male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females, although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands. Testosterone, C 19H 28O 2, (4-Androsten-17ß-ol-3-one) is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates.
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